Instructional Design & Learning Systems

Outline

I. Communication Methods in Instruction

1. Definition – ways information is exchanged in the teaching–learning process.
2. Forms of Communication:
   • Verbal: lectures, storytelling, discussions.
   • Non-verbal: visuals, gestures, symbols.
   • Written: books, notes, online documents.
   • Digital/Media: videos, podcasts, online platforms.
   • Interactive: group work, peer discussions.
3. Importance – clarity, learner motivation, participation, feedback, understanding.

II. Problems in Instructional Design for Computers

1. Definition – challenges in developing computer-based or digital learning systems.
2. Key Problems:
   • Technical: software bugs, system incompatibility.
   • Usability: poor interface, navigation difficulties.
   • Learner issues: varying digital skills, accessibility gaps.
   • Pedagogical: adapting traditional content to digital.
   • Assessment: providing effective feedback via computers.
   • Cost & sustainability: resources for development/maintenance.

III. Distance Learning Concepts and Configurations

1. Definition – education delivered when teachers and learners are physically apart.
2. Core Concepts: flexibility, learner autonomy, independent study.
3. Modes:
   • Synchronous (real-time classes, video conferencing).
   • Asynchronous (recorded content, forums).
4. Configurations:
   • Correspondence-based (print/post).
   • Broadcast-based (radio/TV).
   • Online/e-learning (LMS, MOOCs).
   • Blended/Hybrid (face-to-face + online mix).
5. Support systems: tutoring, peer groups, online resources.

IV. Classroom Technology Integration

1. Definition – embedding digital tools into classroom teaching and learning.
2. Tools Used: projectors, smartboards, tablets, apps, AR/VR.
3. Levels of Integration (SAMR Model):
   • Substitution: tech replaces traditional tools.
   • Augmentation: tech enhances existing tasks.
   • Modification: tech transforms tasks.
   • Redefinition: tech creates new possibilities.
4. Benefits: interactive learning, collaboration, engagement.
5. Challenges: training teachers, cost, digital divide, screen time management.

V. Foundations of Curriculum, Instruction & Assessment

1. Definition – framework guiding what, how, and why teaching and assessment occur.
2. Curriculum: objectives, content sequencing, standards.
3. Instruction: teaching methods, strategies, pedagogy.
4. Assessment:
   • Formative (ongoing, diagnostic).
   • Summative (end-of-course, exams).
5. Alignment Principle: curriculum → instruction → assessment.
6. Theories Supporting Foundations: behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism.

VI. Theories & Models of Instructional Systems Design (ISD)

1. Definition – structured models for creating effective instructional experiences.
2. Major Models:
   • ADDIE Model: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation.
   • Dick & Carey Model: systematic approach with defined steps.
   • Gagné’s Nine Events of Instruction: attention → feedback cycle.
   • SAM (Successive Approximation Model): iterative, agile design.
3. Core Principles: needs analysis, learner analysis, setting objectives, strategy design, evaluation.
4. Applications: schools, universities, corporate training, online learning systems.